The resurrection of neo-retributivism in Anglo-American criminal law, with its ideology of proportional punishments, a harsh justice system, and maintenance of social ethics, in the last decades of the 20th century, is a subject that requires more explanation. Some thinkers attribute this phenomenon to basic changes in cultural, social and political structures. But there have been few studies about the nature of political changes which can be operative in this new criminal policy trend. In this study, therefore, I will try to clarify new inclinations in political philosophy that have been effective in the resurrection of this new criminal policy in England and America. At the end of this study, it will be concluded that changes in the structure of liberalism, which have led to the rise of neo-liberalism, can well explain much more about the rise of the policies of neo-retributivism in these two countries during last decades of twentieth century.

The issue of existence and proof of coherence in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the main issue of this research. In fact, Ferdowsi's use of authentic modes of expression, which is consistent with his epic genre and theme, is to such an extent that it disrupts the dualism of structuralist myth-poetry. This is one of the unifying theories of the philosophy of modern art, namely: the philosophy of art by Croce, in fundamental elements such as: "intuitionexpression", "art identity".-Language, "the inseparability of pure and fine expression" or the principle of "genuine way of expression", as well as in his definition of "art" as "the manifestation of matter in the form" are also well represented. Therefore, based on the most important elements mentioned in the philosophy of art of Croce, the present study comparatively analyzes the artistic unity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh by concluding with an analyticaldescriptive approach and concludes that: Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, in addition to its various forms of textual and structural cohesion, also enjoys artistic and aesthetic cohesion, which, in comparison with other epic poems before and after it, has the greatest degree of compatibility of affect and meaning. (Subject) with its construction and face. This adaptation or appropriateness in the Shahnameh has been clearly exaggerated in the literary ways of exaggeration, contradiction, and metaphor.

The principle of distress and constriction is among the secondary but highly used and most important rules in Islamic jurisprudence. A major part of the developments in family laws comes from this principle. Distress and constraint are the two factors that legitimize requests for divorce by the wife according to Islamic jurisprudence. The majority of jurisprudential sources have constituted requests for divorce by the wife for distress and constriction based on the traditions. In this paper, we have first tried to clarify Imamiyah jurists’ rules on divorce for distress and constriction and secondly, made an analysis on the reasons, in order to come to this conclusion that those instances in the words and rules of the jurists are symbolic and not restrictive in nature. Therefore, they are varied according to the time and place, and social conditions.

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and explaining the requirements of self-directed teaching-learning strategy appropriate to the characteristics of students of today's undergraduate students using mixed exploratory (Consecutive exploration) method. In the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 national experts on the subject of research and was analyzed structurally and interpretively by content analysis method. The statistical population of the quantitative section included faculty members and undergraduate students that the research sample was selected by stratified method, appropriate to the volume. The data for quantitative section were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze it. According to the research findings, from the perspective of experts, professors and students, 9 indicators are the most important requirements of the self-directed teaching-learning strategy, appropriate to the generational characteristics of today's undergraduate students that should be considered by Faculty Members. Among the 9 indicators, five elements: "The necessity of students' self-management in learning", "Student participation in teaching", "Guiding students to lifelong learning", "Paying attention to students' individual talents in the form of homework" and "Applying Students' favorite teaching methods" are at the top.

The aim of this study is to compare educational progress, sport progress, legality and discipline, and satisfaction of girl students of high schools implementing Proportionate Plan with non-implementing high schools. The research population is girl students of high schools implementing the plan and non-implementing high schools in Tehran province. Through random sampling, 420 students out of each group (totally 840), were chosen. To measure students' educational progress, sports progress, legality and discipline, their annual average scores, sports scores, and discipline scores in the educational years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 were used. To measure students' satisfaction, a questionnaire based on P-C-P model was utilized. Results of this research show that students' satisfaction in implementing high schools is higher than nonimplementing ones, students' annual average scores in implementing high schools are higher than non-implementing ones, students' sports scores in implementing high schools are equal to non-implementing ones, and students' discipline scores in implementing high schools are lower than non-implementing ones. According to the four effectiveness indicators studied, high schools implementing Proportionate Plan, have a better situation compared to non-implementing high schools.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

The principle of proportionality is one of the elements of retributive theories.Moreover its application is about the proportionality of the punishment of a crime to the same crime.Crucial question is whether the proportionality of the punishment with those crimes,determining the appropriate punishment for each crime and execution in cases where there are multiple crimes or not?Regarding the proportionality of punishment in various crimes,the criminals have relied on another principle called"overall proportionality"to determine the punishment commensurate with those crimes,which is based on mitigation.Otherwise,we will face an increase in the impunity of punishments.In some cases,the offender is deprived of major part of life and in some cases;people are destroyed as a result of criminal sanctions or it imposes a punishment that is equivalent to the punishment of severe and serious crimes.Although this principle is supported by intuitive attractions,it will need philosophical convincing justifications.Retributivists who believe in the principle of equal punishment for equal crimes must now provide evidence in order to justify bulk discount in the punishment of multiple offences.The idea of overall proportionality,which is based on the qualitative measurement of harm rather than a quantitative and numerical model,can be a good basis for determining punishment of multiple offences.

In the traditional economic order quantity/economic production quantity model, most of the items considered are of perfect type. But this situation rarely takes place in practice. Thus, in this paper, an economic order quantity model with imperfectquality items is developed. 100% screening process is performed, and the items of imperfect quality are sold as a single batch. A Proportionate rate of discount for the items of imperfect quality has also been studied. Moreover, a case study has been incorporated to comprehend the model. To nullify the issues of non-random uncertainties of demand rate in business scenario, cloudy fuzzy method has been utilized here. Numerical study reveals that cloud model along with its new defuzzification methods can give maximum profit of the model all the time instead of deterministic ones. Finally, sensitivity analysis and graphical illustrations are made to justify the novelty of the model.

The first account of the principles of Proportionate sanctions was utilitarian, and was provided over two centuries ago by Cesar Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Failure to observe the principles of proportionality in sentencing would be weaken the deterrent function ef punishment. Currently, theory of Positive General Prevention is the dominant theory of punishment in German crirninallaw. This term was constructed in Germany to make a different between traditional term “general deterrence” and “positive general prevention”. This theory emphasizes on positive function of punishment through strengthening the morality, supporting the desired attitudes and ways of behaving, and strengthening the respect and trust in law. The final purpose is crime rate reduction in society.

The present research aimed at presenting a new SWOT strategy for integrated watershed management of Asiabrood in Mazandaran Province. At first, the SWOT matrix and the tables identifying the strategic indicators of internal and external factors were formed and then internal and external evaluation matrices were analyzed. A new strategy used in the discussion of the weighting of SWOT strategies was based on the fact that the final value of each strategy was multiplied by the number of effective strengths and opportunities and the final results were analyzed based on these priorities. Based on analysis of strengths and weaknesses, nine strengths and eight weaknesses were identified. The suitable water quantity and quality with a weight of 0.444, low air temperature with a weight of 0.395, mineral water utilization with a weight of 0.288 and economic poverty with a weight of 0.493, respectively, were the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. According to the internal-external factors evaluation matrix in the SWOT model, the strategy of increasing the sense of satisfaction of residents, based on the conventional method and the new strategy, gave the highest value. With a careful look, it can be concluded that strengthening the sense of satisfaction between residents happens when People problems in different sectors of livelihoods, including economic, social and cultural, have been considered more and, by presenting correct programs, have increased satisfaction and reduced migration to urban areas. In general, it can be concluded that due to the problems and solutions presented in this study, proper and applied planning should be used to compensate for the weaknesses and to strengthen the strengths as much as possible in the development of Asiabrood watershed.